///*
// * Copyright (c) 1994, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
// * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
// *
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// */
//
//package jvm;
//
//import java.lang.annotation.Native;
//
///**
// * The {@code Integer} class wraps a value of the primitive type
// * {@code int} in an object. An object of type {@code Integer}
// * contains a single field whose type is {@code int}.
// * <p>
// * <p>In addition, this class provides several methods for converting
// * an {@code int} to a {@code String} and a {@code String} to an
// * {@code int}, as well as other constants and methods useful when
// * dealing with an {@code int}.
// * <p>
// * <p>Implementation note: The implementations of the "bit twiddling"
// * methods (such as {@link #highestOneBit(int) highestOneBit} and
// * {@link #numberOfTrailingZeros(int) numberOfTrailingZeros}) are
// * based on material from Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s <i>Hacker's
// * Delight</i>, (Addison Wesley, 2002).
// *
// * @author Lee Boynton
// * @author Arthur van Hoff
// * @author Josh Bloch
// * @author Joseph D. Darcy
// * @since JDK1.0
// */
//public final class Integer extends Number implements Comparable<Integer> {
//    /**
//     * A constant holding the minimum value an {@code int} can
//     * have, -2<sup>31</sup>.
//     */
//    @Native
//    public static final int MIN_VALUE = 0x80000000;
//
//    /**
//     * A constant holding the maximum value an {@code int} can
//     * have, 2<sup>31</sup>-1.
//     */
//    @Native
//    public static final int MAX_VALUE = 0x7fffffff;
//
//    /**
//     * The {@code Class} instance representing the primitive type
//     * {@code int}.
//     *
//     * @since JDK1.1
//     */
//    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
//    public static final Class<Integer> TYPE = (Class<Integer>) Class.getPrimitiveClass("int");
//
//    /**
//     * All possible chars for representing a number as a String
//     */
//    final static char[] digits = {
//            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5',
//            '6', '7', '8', '9', 'a', 'b',
//            'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
//            'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n',
//            'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't',
//            'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z'
//    };
//
//    /**
//     * Returns a string representation of the first argument in the
//     * radix specified by the second argument.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>If the radix is smaller than {@code Character.MIN_RADIX}
//     * or larger than {@code Character.MAX_RADIX}, then the radix
//     * {@code 10} is used instead.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>If the first argument is negative, the first element of the
//     * result is the ASCII minus character {@code '-'}
//     * ({@code '\u005Cu002D'}). If the first argument is not
//     * negative, no sign character appears in the result.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>The remaining characters of the result represent the magnitude
//     * of the first argument. If the magnitude is zero, it is
//     * represented by a single zero character {@code '0'}
//     * ({@code '\u005Cu0030'}); otherwise, the first character of
//     * the representation of the magnitude will not be the zero
//     * character.  The following ASCII characters are used as digits:
//     * <p>
//     * <blockquote>
//     * {@code 0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
//     * </blockquote>
//     * <p>
//     * These are {@code '\u005Cu0030'} through
//     * {@code '\u005Cu0039'} and {@code '\u005Cu0061'} through
//     * {@code '\u005Cu007A'}. If {@code radix} is
//     * <var>N</var>, then the first <var>N</var> of these characters
//     * are used as radix-<var>N</var> digits in the order shown. Thus,
//     * the digits for hexadecimal (radix 16) are
//     * {@code 0123456789abcdef}. If uppercase letters are
//     * desired, the {@link java.lang.String#toUpperCase()} method may
//     * be called on the result:
//     * <p>
//     * <blockquote>
//     * {@code Integer.toString(n, 16).toUpperCase()}
//     * </blockquote>
//     *
//     * @param i     an integer to be converted to a string.
//     * @param radix the radix to use in the string representation.
//     * @return a string representation of the argument in the specified radix.
//     * @see java.lang.Character#MAX_RADIX
//     * @see java.lang.Character#MIN_RADIX
//     */
//    public static String toString(int i, int radix) {
//        if (radix < Character.MIN_RADIX || radix > Character.MAX_RADIX)
//            radix = 10;
//
//        /* Use the faster version */
//        if (radix == 10) {
//            return toString(i);
//        }
//
//        char buf[] = new char[33];
//        boolean negative = (i < 0);
//        int charPos = 32;
//
//        if (!negative) {
//            i = -i;
//        }
//
//        while (i <= -radix) {
//            buf[charPos--] = digits[-(i % radix)];
//            i = i / radix;
//        }
//        buf[charPos] = digits[-i];
//
//        if (negative) {
//            buf[--charPos] = '-';
//        }
//
//        return new String(buf, charPos, (33 - charPos));
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns a string representation of the first argument as an
//     * unsigned integer value in the radix specified by the second
//     * argument.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>If the radix is smaller than {@code Character.MIN_RADIX}
//     * or larger than {@code Character.MAX_RADIX}, then the radix
//     * {@code 10} is used instead.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>Note that since the first argument is treated as an unsigned
//     * value, no leading sign character is printed.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>If the magnitude is zero, it is represented by a single zero
//     * character {@code '0'} ({@code '\u005Cu0030'}); otherwise,
//     * the first character of the representation of the magnitude will
//     * not be the zero character.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>The behavior of radixes and the characters used as digits
//     * are the same as {@link #toString(int, int) toString}.
//     *
//     * @param i     an integer to be converted to an unsigned string.
//     * @param radix the radix to use in the string representation.
//     * @return an unsigned string representation of the argument in the specified radix.
//     * @see #toString(int, int)
//     * @since 1.8
//     */
//    public static String toUnsignedString(int i, int radix) {
//        return Long.toUnsignedString(toUnsignedLong(i), radix);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns a string representation of the integer argument as an
//     * unsigned integer in base&nbsp;16.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>The unsigned integer value is the argument plus 2<sup>32</sup>
//     * if the argument is negative; otherwise, it is equal to the
//     * argument.  This value is converted to a string of ASCII digits
//     * in hexadecimal (base&nbsp;16) with no extra leading
//     * {@code 0}s.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>The value of the argument can be recovered from the returned
//     * string {@code s} by calling {@link
//     * Integer#parseUnsignedInt(String, int)
//     * Integer.parseUnsignedInt(s, 16)}.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is represented by a
//     * single zero character {@code '0'} ({@code '\u005Cu0030'});
//     * otherwise, the first character of the representation of the
//     * unsigned magnitude will not be the zero character. The
//     * following characters are used as hexadecimal digits:
//     * <p>
//     * <blockquote>
//     * {@code 0123456789abcdef}
//     * </blockquote>
//     * <p>
//     * These are the characters {@code '\u005Cu0030'} through
//     * {@code '\u005Cu0039'} and {@code '\u005Cu0061'} through
//     * {@code '\u005Cu0066'}. If uppercase letters are
//     * desired, the {@link java.lang.String#toUpperCase()} method may
//     * be called on the result:
//     * <p>
//     * <blockquote>
//     * {@code Integer.toHexString(n).toUpperCase()}
//     * </blockquote>
//     *
//     * @param i an integer to be converted to a string.
//     * @return the string representation of the unsigned integer value
//     * represented by the argument in hexadecimal (base&nbsp;16).
//     * @see #parseUnsignedInt(String, int)
//     * @see #toUnsignedString(int, int)
//     * @since JDK1.0.2
//     */
//    public static String toHexString(int i) {
//        return toUnsignedString0(i, 4);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns a string representation of the integer argument as an
//     * unsigned integer in base&nbsp;8.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>The unsigned integer value is the argument plus 2<sup>32</sup>
//     * if the argument is negative; otherwise, it is equal to the
//     * argument.  This value is converted to a string of ASCII digits
//     * in octal (base&nbsp;8) with no extra leading {@code 0}s.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>The value of the argument can be recovered from the returned
//     * string {@code s} by calling {@link
//     * Integer#parseUnsignedInt(String, int)
//     * Integer.parseUnsignedInt(s, 8)}.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is represented by a
//     * single zero character {@code '0'} ({@code '\u005Cu0030'});
//     * otherwise, the first character of the representation of the
//     * unsigned magnitude will not be the zero character. The
//     * following characters are used as octal digits:
//     * <p>
//     * <blockquote>
//     * {@code 01234567}
//     * </blockquote>
//     * <p>
//     * These are the characters {@code '\u005Cu0030'} through
//     * {@code '\u005Cu0037'}.
//     *
//     * @param i an integer to be converted to a string.
//     * @return the string representation of the unsigned integer value
//     * represented by the argument in octal (base&nbsp;8).
//     * @see #parseUnsignedInt(String, int)
//     * @see #toUnsignedString(int, int)
//     * @since JDK1.0.2
//     */
//    public static String toOctalString(int i) {
//        return toUnsignedString0(i, 3);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns a string representation of the integer argument as an
//     * unsigned integer in base&nbsp;2.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>The unsigned integer value is the argument plus 2<sup>32</sup>
//     * if the argument is negative; otherwise it is equal to the
//     * argument.  This value is converted to a string of ASCII digits
//     * in binary (base&nbsp;2) with no extra leading {@code 0}s.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>The value of the argument can be recovered from the returned
//     * string {@code s} by calling {@link
//     * Integer#parseUnsignedInt(String, int)
//     * Integer.parseUnsignedInt(s, 2)}.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is represented by a
//     * single zero character {@code '0'} ({@code '\u005Cu0030'});
//     * otherwise, the first character of the representation of the
//     * unsigned magnitude will not be the zero character. The
//     * characters {@code '0'} ({@code '\u005Cu0030'}) and {@code
//     * '1'} ({@code '\u005Cu0031'}) are used as binary digits.
//     *
//     * @param i an integer to be converted to a string.
//     * @return the string representation of the unsigned integer value
//     * represented by the argument in binary (base&nbsp;2).
//     * @see #parseUnsignedInt(String, int)
//     * @see #toUnsignedString(int, int)
//     * @since JDK1.0.2
//     */
//    public static String toBinaryString(int i) {
//        return toUnsignedString0(i, 1);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Convert the integer to an unsigned number.
//     */
//    private static String toUnsignedString0(int val, int shift) {
//        // assert shift > 0 && shift <=5 : "Illegal shift value";
//        int mag = Integer.SIZE - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(val);
//        int chars = Math.max(((mag + (shift - 1)) / shift), 1);
//        char[] buf = new char[chars];
//
//        formatUnsignedInt(val, shift, buf, 0, chars);
//
//        // Use special constructor which takes over "buf".
//        return new String(buf, true);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Format a long (treated as unsigned) into a character buffer.
//     *
//     * @param val    the unsigned int to format
//     * @param shift  the log2 of the base to format in (4 for hex, 3 for octal, 1 for binary)
//     * @param buf    the character buffer to write to
//     * @param offset the offset in the destination buffer to start at
//     * @param len    the number of characters to write
//     * @return the lowest character  location used
//     */
//    static int formatUnsignedInt(int val, int shift, char[] buf, int offset, int len) {
//        int charPos = len;
//        int radix = 1 << shift;
//        int mask = radix - 1;
//        do {
//            buf[offset + --charPos] = Integer.digits[val & mask];
//            val >>>= shift;
//        } while (val != 0 && charPos > 0);
//
//        return charPos;
//    }
//
//    final static char[] DigitTens = {
//            '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0',
//            '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1',
//            '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2',
//            '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', '3',
//            '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', '4',
//            '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', '5',
//            '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6',
//            '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', '7',
//            '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', '8',
//            '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', '9',
//    };
//
//    final static char[] DigitOnes = {
//            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
//            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
//            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
//            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
//            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
//            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
//            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
//            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
//            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
//            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
//    };
//
//    // I use the "invariant division by multiplication" trick to
//    // accelerate Integer.toString.  In particular we want to
//    // avoid division by 10.
//    //
//    // The "trick" has roughly the same performance characteristics
//    // as the "classic" Integer.toString code on a non-JIT VM.
//    // The trick avoids .rem and .div calls but has a longer code
//    // path and is thus dominated by dispatch overhead.  In the
//    // JIT case the dispatch overhead doesn't exist and the
//    // "trick" is considerably faster than the classic code.
//    //
//    // TODO-FIXME: convert (x * 52429) into the equiv shift-add
//    // sequence.
//    //
//    // RE:  Division by Invariant Integers using Multiplication
//    //      T Gralund, P Montgomery
//    //      ACM PLDI 1994
//    //
//
//    /**
//     * Returns a {@code String} object representing the
//     * specified integer. The argument is converted to signed decimal
//     * representation and returned as a string, exactly as if the
//     * argument and radix 10 were given as arguments to the {@link
//     * #toString(int, int)} method.
//     *
//     * @param i an integer to be converted.
//     * @return a string representation of the argument in base&nbsp;10.
//     */
//    public static String toString(int i) {
//        if (i == Integer.MIN_VALUE)
//            return "-2147483648";
//        int size = (i < 0) ? stringSize(-i) + 1 : stringSize(i);
//        char[] buf = new char[size];
//        getChars(i, size, buf);
//        return new String(buf, true);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns a string representation of the argument as an unsigned
//     * decimal value.
//     * <p>
//     * The argument is converted to unsigned decimal representation
//     * and returned as a string exactly as if the argument and radix
//     * 10 were given as arguments to the {@link #toUnsignedString(int,
//     * int)} method.
//     *
//     * @param i an integer to be converted to an unsigned string.
//     * @return an unsigned string representation of the argument.
//     * @see #toUnsignedString(int, int)
//     * @since 1.8
//     */
//    public static String toUnsignedString(int i) {
//        return Long.toString(toUnsignedLong(i));
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Places characters representing the integer i into the
//     * character array buf. The characters are placed into
//     * the buffer backwards starting with the least significant
//     * digit at the specified index (exclusive), and working
//     * backwards from there.
//     * <p>
//     * Will fail if i == Integer.MIN_VALUE
//     */
//    static void getChars(int i, int index, char[] buf) {
//        int q, r;
//        int charPos = index;
//        char sign = 0;
//
//        if (i < 0) {
//            sign = '-';
//            i = -i;
//        }
//
//        // Generate two digits per iteration
//        while (i >= 65536) {
//            q = i / 100;
//            // really: r = i - (q * 100);
//            r = i - ((q << 6) + (q << 5) + (q << 2));
//            i = q;
//            buf[--charPos] = DigitOnes[r];
//            buf[--charPos] = DigitTens[r];
//        }
//
//        // Fall thru to fast mode for smaller numbers
//        // assert(i <= 65536, i);
//        for (; ; ) {
//            q = (i * 52429) >>> (16 + 3);
//            r = i - ((q << 3) + (q << 1));  // r = i-(q*10) ...
//            buf[--charPos] = digits[r];
//            i = q;
//            if (i == 0) break;
//        }
//        if (sign != 0) {
//            buf[--charPos] = sign;
//        }
//    }
//
//    final static int[] sizeTable = {9, 99, 999, 9999, 99999, 999999, 9999999,
//            99999999, 999999999, Integer.MAX_VALUE};
//
//    // Requires positive x
//    static int stringSize(int x) {
//        for (int i = 0; ; i++)
//            if (x <= sizeTable[i])
//                return i + 1;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Parses the string argument as a signed integer in the radix
//     * specified by the second argument. The characters in the string
//     * must all be digits of the specified radix (as determined by
//     * whether {@link java.lang.Character#digit(char, int)} returns a
//     * nonnegative value), except that the first character may be an
//     * ASCII minus sign {@code '-'} ({@code '\u005Cu002D'}) to
//     * indicate a negative value or an ASCII plus sign {@code '+'}
//     * ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}) to indicate a positive value. The
//     * resulting integer value is returned.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>An exception of type {@code NumberFormatException} is
//     * thrown if any of the following situations occurs:
//     * <ul>
//     * <li>The first argument is {@code null} or is a string of
//     * length zero.
//     * <p>
//     * <li>The radix is either smaller than
//     * {@link java.lang.Character#MIN_RADIX} or
//     * larger than {@link java.lang.Character#MAX_RADIX}.
//     * <p>
//     * <li>Any character of the string is not a digit of the specified
//     * radix, except that the first character may be a minus sign
//     * {@code '-'} ({@code '\u005Cu002D'}) or plus sign
//     * {@code '+'} ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}) provided that the
//     * string is longer than length 1.
//     * <p>
//     * <li>The value represented by the string is not a value of type
//     * {@code int}.
//     * </ul>
//     * <p>
//     * <p>Examples:
//     * <blockquote><pre>
//     * parseInt("0", 10) returns 0
//     * parseInt("473", 10) returns 473
//     * parseInt("+42", 10) returns 42
//     * parseInt("-0", 10) returns 0
//     * parseInt("-FF", 16) returns -255
//     * parseInt("1100110", 2) returns 102
//     * parseInt("2147483647", 10) returns 2147483647
//     * parseInt("-2147483648", 10) returns -2147483648
//     * parseInt("2147483648", 10) throws a NumberFormatException
//     * parseInt("99", 8) throws a NumberFormatException
//     * parseInt("Kona", 10) throws a NumberFormatException
//     * parseInt("Kona", 27) returns 411787
//     * </pre></blockquote>
//     *
//     * @param s     the {@code String} containing the integer
//     *              representation to be parsed
//     * @param radix the radix to be used while parsing {@code s}.
//     * @return the integer represented by the string argument in the
//     * specified radix.
//     * @throws NumberFormatException if the {@code String}
//     *                               does not contain a parsable {@code int}.
//     */
//    public static int parseInt(String s, int radix)
//            throws NumberFormatException {
//        /*
//         * WARNING: This method may be invoked early during VM initialization
//         * before IntegerCache is initialized. Care must be taken to not use
//         * the valueOf method.
//         */
//
//        if (s == null) {
//            throw new NumberFormatException("null");
//        }
//
//        if (radix < Character.MIN_RADIX) {
//            throw new NumberFormatException("radix " + radix +
//                    " less than Character.MIN_RADIX");
//        }
//
//        if (radix > Character.MAX_RADIX) {
//            throw new NumberFormatException("radix " + radix +
//                    " greater than Character.MAX_RADIX");
//        }
//
//        int result = 0;
//        boolean negative = false;
//        int i = 0, len = s.length();
//        int limit = -Integer.MAX_VALUE;
//        int multmin;
//        int digit;
//
//        if (len > 0) {
//            char firstChar = s.charAt(0);
//            if (firstChar < '0') { // Possible leading "+" or "-"
//                if (firstChar == '-') {
//                    negative = true;
//                    limit = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
//                } else if (firstChar != '+')
//                    throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
//
//                if (len == 1) // Cannot have lone "+" or "-"
//                    throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
//                i++;
//            }
//            multmin = limit / radix;
//            while (i < len) {
//                // Accumulating negatively avoids surprises near MAX_VALUE
//                digit = Character.digit(s.charAt(i++), radix);
//                if (digit < 0) {
//                    throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
//                }
//                if (result < multmin) {
//                    throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
//                }
//                result *= radix;
//                if (result < limit + digit) {
//                    throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
//                }
//                result -= digit;
//            }
//        } else {
//            throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
//        }
//        return negative ? result : -result;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Parses the string argument as a signed decimal integer. The
//     * characters in the string must all be decimal digits, except
//     * that the first character may be an ASCII minus sign {@code '-'}
//     * ({@code '\u005Cu002D'}) to indicate a negative value or an
//     * ASCII plus sign {@code '+'} ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}) to
//     * indicate a positive value. The resulting integer value is
//     * returned, exactly as if the argument and the radix 10 were
//     * given as arguments to the {@link #parseInt(java.lang.String,
//     * int)} method.
//     *
//     * @param s a {@code String} containing the {@code int}
//     *          representation to be parsed
//     * @return the integer value represented by the argument in decimal.
//     * @throws NumberFormatException if the string does not contain a
//     *                               parsable integer.
//     */
//    public static int parseInt(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
//        return parseInt(s, 10);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Parses the string argument as an unsigned integer in the radix
//     * specified by the second argument.  An unsigned integer maps the
//     * values usually associated with negative numbers to positive
//     * numbers larger than {@code MAX_VALUE}.
//     * <p>
//     * The characters in the string must all be digits of the
//     * specified radix (as determined by whether {@link
//     * java.lang.Character#digit(char, int)} returns a nonnegative
//     * value), except that the first character may be an ASCII plus
//     * sign {@code '+'} ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}). The resulting
//     * integer value is returned.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>An exception of type {@code NumberFormatException} is
//     * thrown if any of the following situations occurs:
//     * <ul>
//     * <li>The first argument is {@code null} or is a string of
//     * length zero.
//     * <p>
//     * <li>The radix is either smaller than
//     * {@link java.lang.Character#MIN_RADIX} or
//     * larger than {@link java.lang.Character#MAX_RADIX}.
//     * <p>
//     * <li>Any character of the string is not a digit of the specified
//     * radix, except that the first character may be a plus sign
//     * {@code '+'} ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}) provided that the
//     * string is longer than length 1.
//     * <p>
//     * <li>The value represented by the string is larger than the
//     * largest unsigned {@code int}, 2<sup>32</sup>-1.
//     * <p>
//     * </ul>
//     *
//     * @param s     the {@code String} containing the unsigned integer
//     *              representation to be parsed
//     * @param radix the radix to be used while parsing {@code s}.
//     * @return the integer represented by the string argument in the
//     * specified radix.
//     * @throws NumberFormatException if the {@code String}
//     *                               does not contain a parsable {@code int}.
//     * @since 1.8
//     */
//    public static int parseUnsignedInt(String s, int radix)
//            throws NumberFormatException {
//        if (s == null) {
//            throw new NumberFormatException("null");
//        }
//
//        int len = s.length();
//        if (len > 0) {
//            char firstChar = s.charAt(0);
//            if (firstChar == '-') {
//                throw new
//                        NumberFormatException(String.format("Illegal leading minus sign " +
//                        "on unsigned string %s.", s));
//            } else {
//                if (len <= 5 || // Integer.MAX_VALUE in Character.MAX_RADIX is 6 digits
//                        (radix == 10 && len <= 9)) { // Integer.MAX_VALUE in base 10 is 10 digits
//                    return parseInt(s, radix);
//                } else {
//                    long ell = Long.parseLong(s, radix);
//                    if ((ell & 0xffff_ffff_0000_0000L) == 0) {
//                        return (int) ell;
//                    } else {
//                        throw new
//                                NumberFormatException(String.format("String value %s exceeds " +
//                                "range of unsigned int.", s));
//                    }
//                }
//            }
//        } else {
//            throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
//        }
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Parses the string argument as an unsigned decimal integer. The
//     * characters in the string must all be decimal digits, except
//     * that the first character may be an an ASCII plus sign {@code
//     * '+'} ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}). The resulting integer value
//     * is returned, exactly as if the argument and the radix 10 were
//     * given as arguments to the {@link
//     * #parseUnsignedInt(java.lang.String, int)} method.
//     *
//     * @param s a {@code String} containing the unsigned {@code int}
//     *          representation to be parsed
//     * @return the unsigned integer value represented by the argument in decimal.
//     * @throws NumberFormatException if the string does not contain a
//     *                               parsable unsigned integer.
//     * @since 1.8
//     */
//    public static int parseUnsignedInt(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
//        return parseUnsignedInt(s, 10);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns an {@code Integer} object holding the value
//     * extracted from the specified {@code String} when parsed
//     * with the radix given by the second argument. The first argument
//     * is interpreted as representing a signed integer in the radix
//     * specified by the second argument, exactly as if the arguments
//     * were given to the {@link #parseInt(java.lang.String, int)}
//     * method. The result is an {@code Integer} object that
//     * represents the integer value specified by the string.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>In other words, this method returns an {@code Integer}
//     * object equal to the value of:
//     * <p>
//     * <blockquote>
//     * {@code new Integer(Integer.parseInt(s, radix))}
//     * </blockquote>
//     *
//     * @param s     the string to be parsed.
//     * @param radix the radix to be used in interpreting {@code s}
//     * @return an {@code Integer} object holding the value
//     * represented by the string argument in the specified
//     * radix.
//     * @throws NumberFormatException if the {@code String}
//     *                               does not contain a parsable {@code int}.
//     */
//    public static Integer valueOf(String s, int radix) throws NumberFormatException {
//        return Integer.valueOf(parseInt(s, radix));
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns an {@code Integer} object holding the
//     * value of the specified {@code String}. The argument is
//     * interpreted as representing a signed decimal integer, exactly
//     * as if the argument were given to the {@link
//     * #parseInt(java.lang.String)} method. The result is an
//     * {@code Integer} object that represents the integer value
//     * specified by the string.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>In other words, this method returns an {@code Integer}
//     * object equal to the value of:
//     * <p>
//     * <blockquote>
//     * {@code new Integer(Integer.parseInt(s))}
//     * </blockquote>
//     *
//     * @param s the string to be parsed.
//     * @return an {@code Integer} object holding the value
//     * represented by the string argument.
//     * @throws NumberFormatException if the string cannot be parsed
//     *                               as an integer.
//     */
//    public static Integer valueOf(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
//        return Integer.valueOf(parseInt(s, 10));
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Cache to support the object identity semantics of autoboxing for values between
//     * -128 and 127 (inclusive) as required by JLS.
//     * <p>
//     * The cache is initialized on first usage.  The size of the cache
//     * may be controlled by the {@code -XX:AutoBoxCacheMax=<size>} option.
//     * During VM initialization, java.lang.Integer.IntegerCache.high property
//     * may be set and saved in the private system properties in the
//     * sun.misc.VM class.
//     */
//
//    //整数缓存
//    private static class IntegerCache {
//        static final int low = -128;
//        static final int high = 127;
//        static final Integer cache[];
//
//        static {
//            cache = new Integer[(high - low) + 1]; //创建缓存对象的数组。
//            int j = low;
//            for (int k = 0; k < cache.length; k++)
//                cache[k] = new Integer(j++); //给数组赋值缓存对象。
//        }
//    }
//
//    public static Integer valueOf(int i) {
//        if (i >= -128 && i <= 127)
//            return IntegerCache.cache[i + 128];//直接返回缓存对象。
//        return new Integer(i);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * The value of the {@code Integer}.
//     *
//     * @serial
//     */
//    private final int value;
//
//    /**
//     * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Integer} object that
//     * represents the specified {@code int} value.
//     *
//     * @param value the value to be represented by the
//     *              {@code Integer} object.
//     */
//    public Integer(int value) {
//        this.value = value;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Integer} object that
//     * represents the {@code int} value indicated by the
//     * {@code String} parameter. The string is converted to an
//     * {@code int} value in exactly the manner used by the
//     * {@code parseInt} method for radix 10.
//     *
//     * @param s the {@code String} to be converted to an
//     *          {@code Integer}.
//     * @throws NumberFormatException if the {@code String} does not
//     *                               contain a parsable integer.
//     * @see java.lang.Integer#parseInt(java.lang.String, int)
//     */
//    public Integer(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
//        this.value = parseInt(s, 10);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the value of this {@code Integer} as a {@code byte}
//     * after a narrowing primitive conversion.
//     *
//     * @jls 5.1.3 Narrowing Primitive Conversions
//     */
//    public byte byteValue() {
//        return (byte) value;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the value of this {@code Integer} as a {@code short}
//     * after a narrowing primitive conversion.
//     *
//     * @jls 5.1.3 Narrowing Primitive Conversions
//     */
//    public short shortValue() {
//        return (short) value;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the value of this {@code Integer} as an
//     * {@code int}.
//     */
//    public int intValue() {
//        return value;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the value of this {@code Integer} as a {@code long}
//     * after a widening primitive conversion.
//     *
//     * @jls 5.1.2 Widening Primitive Conversions
//     * @see Integer#toUnsignedLong(int)
//     */
//    public long longValue() {
//        return (long) value;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the value of this {@code Integer} as a {@code float}
//     * after a widening primitive conversion.
//     *
//     * @jls 5.1.2 Widening Primitive Conversions
//     */
//    public float floatValue() {
//        return (float) value;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the value of this {@code Integer} as a {@code double}
//     * after a widening primitive conversion.
//     *
//     * @jls 5.1.2 Widening Primitive Conversions
//     */
//    public double doubleValue() {
//        return (double) value;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns a {@code String} object representing this
//     * {@code Integer}'s value. The value is converted to signed
//     * decimal representation and returned as a string, exactly as if
//     * the integer value were given as an argument to the {@link
//     * java.lang.Integer#toString(int)} method.
//     *
//     * @return a string representation of the value of this object in
//     * base&nbsp;10.
//     */
//    public String toString() {
//        return toString(value);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns a hash code for this {@code Integer}.
//     *
//     * @return a hash code value for this object, equal to the
//     * primitive {@code int} value represented by this
//     * {@code Integer} object.
//     */
//    @Override
//    public int hashCode() {
//        return Integer.hashCode(value);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns a hash code for a {@code int} value; compatible with
//     * {@code Integer.hashCode()}.
//     *
//     * @param value the value to hash
//     * @return a hash code value for a {@code int} value.
//     * @since 1.8
//     */
//    public static int hashCode(int value) {
//        return value;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Compares this object to the specified object.  The result is
//     * {@code true} if and only if the argument is not
//     * {@code null} and is an {@code Integer} object that
//     * contains the same {@code int} value as this object.
//     *
//     * @param obj the object to compare with.
//     * @return {@code true} if the objects are the same;
//     * {@code false} otherwise.
//     */
//    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
//        if (obj instanceof Integer) {
//            return value == ((Integer) obj).intValue();
//        }
//        return false;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Determines the integer value of the system property with the
//     * specified name.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>The first argument is treated as the name of a system
//     * property.  System properties are accessible through the {@link
//     * java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)} method. The
//     * string value of this property is then interpreted as an integer
//     * value using the grammar supported by {@link Integer#decode decode} and
//     * an {@code Integer} object representing this value is returned.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>If there is no property with the specified name, if the
//     * specified name is empty or {@code null}, or if the property
//     * does not have the correct numeric format, then {@code null} is
//     * returned.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>In other words, this method returns an {@code Integer}
//     * object equal to the value of:
//     * <p>
//     * <blockquote>
//     * {@code getInteger(nm, null)}
//     * </blockquote>
//     *
//     * @param nm property name.
//     * @return the {@code Integer} value of the property.
//     * @throws SecurityException for the same reasons as
//     *                           {@link System#getProperty(String) System.getProperty}
//     * @see java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)
//     * @see java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
//     */
//    public static Integer getInteger(String nm) {
//        return getInteger(nm, null);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Determines the integer value of the system property with the
//     * specified name.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>The first argument is treated as the name of a system
//     * property.  System properties are accessible through the {@link
//     * java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)} method. The
//     * string value of this property is then interpreted as an integer
//     * value using the grammar supported by {@link Integer#decode decode} and
//     * an {@code Integer} object representing this value is returned.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>The second argument is the default value. An {@code Integer} object
//     * that represents the value of the second argument is returned if there
//     * is no property of the specified name, if the property does not have
//     * the correct numeric format, or if the specified name is empty or
//     * {@code null}.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>In other words, this method returns an {@code Integer} object
//     * equal to the value of:
//     * <p>
//     * <blockquote>
//     * {@code getInteger(nm, new Integer(val))}
//     * </blockquote>
//     * <p>
//     * but in practice it may be implemented in a manner such as:
//     * <p>
//     * <blockquote><pre>
//     * Integer result = getInteger(nm, null);
//     * return (result == null) ? new Integer(val) : result;
//     * </pre></blockquote>
//     * <p>
//     * to avoid the unnecessary allocation of an {@code Integer}
//     * object when the default value is not needed.
//     *
//     * @param nm  property name.
//     * @param val default value.
//     * @return the {@code Integer} value of the property.
//     * @throws SecurityException for the same reasons as
//     *                           {@link System#getProperty(String) System.getProperty}
//     * @see java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)
//     * @see java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
//     */
//    public static Integer getInteger(String nm, int val) {
//        Integer result = getInteger(nm, null);
//        return (result == null) ? Integer.valueOf(val) : result;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the integer value of the system property with the
//     * specified name.  The first argument is treated as the name of a
//     * system property.  System properties are accessible through the
//     * {@link java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)} method.
//     * The string value of this property is then interpreted as an
//     * integer value, as per the {@link Integer#decode decode} method,
//     * and an {@code Integer} object representing this value is
//     * returned; in summary:
//     * <p>
//     * <ul><li>If the property value begins with the two ASCII characters
//     * {@code 0x} or the ASCII character {@code #}, not
//     * followed by a minus sign, then the rest of it is parsed as a
//     * hexadecimal integer exactly as by the method
//     * {@link #valueOf(java.lang.String, int)} with radix 16.
//     * <li>If the property value begins with the ASCII character
//     * {@code 0} followed by another character, it is parsed as an
//     * octal integer exactly as by the method
//     * {@link #valueOf(java.lang.String, int)} with radix 8.
//     * <li>Otherwise, the property value is parsed as a decimal integer
//     * exactly as by the method {@link #valueOf(java.lang.String, int)}
//     * with radix 10.
//     * </ul>
//     * <p>
//     * <p>The second argument is the default value. The default value is
//     * returned if there is no property of the specified name, if the
//     * property does not have the correct numeric format, or if the
//     * specified name is empty or {@code null}.
//     *
//     * @param nm  property name.
//     * @param val default value.
//     * @return the {@code Integer} value of the property.
//     * @throws SecurityException for the same reasons as
//     *                           {@link System#getProperty(String) System.getProperty}
//     * @see System#getProperty(java.lang.String)
//     * @see System#getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
//     */
//    public static Integer getInteger(String nm, Integer val) {
//        String v = null;
//        try {
//            v = System.getProperty(nm);
//        } catch (IllegalArgumentException | NullPointerException e) {
//        }
//        if (v != null) {
//            try {
//                return Integer.decode(v);
//            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
//            }
//        }
//        return val;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Decodes a {@code String} into an {@code Integer}.
//     * Accepts decimal, hexadecimal, and octal numbers given
//     * by the following grammar:
//     * <p>
//     * <blockquote>
//     * <dl>
//     * <dt><i>DecodableString:</i>
//     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub> DecimalNumeral</i>
//     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0x} <i>HexDigits</i>
//     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0X} <i>HexDigits</i>
//     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code #} <i>HexDigits</i>
//     * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0} <i>OctalDigits</i>
//     * <p>
//     * <dt><i>Sign:</i>
//     * <dd>{@code -}
//     * <dd>{@code +}
//     * </dl>
//     * </blockquote>
//     * <p>
//     * <i>DecimalNumeral</i>, <i>HexDigits</i>, and <i>OctalDigits</i>
//     * are as defined in section 3.10.1 of
//     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>,
//     * except that underscores are not accepted between digits.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>The sequence of characters following an optional
//     * sign and/or radix specifier ("{@code 0x}", "{@code 0X}",
//     * "{@code #}", or leading zero) is parsed as by the {@code
//     * Integer.parseInt} method with the indicated radix (10, 16, or
//     * 8).  This sequence of characters must represent a positive
//     * value or a {@link NumberFormatException} will be thrown.  The
//     * result is negated if first character of the specified {@code
//     * String} is the minus sign.  No whitespace characters are
//     * permitted in the {@code String}.
//     *
//     * @param nm the {@code String} to decode.
//     * @return an {@code Integer} object holding the {@code int}
//     * value represented by {@code nm}
//     * @throws NumberFormatException if the {@code String} does not
//     *                               contain a parsable integer.
//     * @see java.lang.Integer#parseInt(java.lang.String, int)
//     */
//    public static Integer decode(String nm) throws NumberFormatException {
//        int radix = 10;
//        int index = 0;
//        boolean negative = false;
//        Integer result;
//
//        if (nm.isEmpty())
//            throw new NumberFormatException("Zero length string");
//        char firstChar = nm.charAt(0);
//        // Handle sign, if present
//        if (firstChar == '-') {
//            negative = true;
//            index++;
//        } else if (firstChar == '+')
//            index++;
//
//        // Handle radix specifier, if present
//        if (nm.startsWith("0x", index) || nm.startsWith("0X", index)) {
//            index += 2;
//            radix = 16;
//        } else if (nm.startsWith("#", index)) {
//            index++;
//            radix = 16;
//        } else if (nm.startsWith("0", index) && nm.length() > 1 + index) {
//            index++;
//            radix = 8;
//        }
//
//        if (nm.startsWith("-", index) || nm.startsWith("+", index))
//            throw new NumberFormatException("Sign character in wrong position");
//
//        try {
//            result = Integer.valueOf(nm.substring(index), radix);
//            result = negative ? Integer.valueOf(-result.intValue()) : result;
//        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
//            // If number is Integer.MIN_VALUE, we'll end up here. The next line
//            // handles this case, and causes any genuine format error to be
//            // rethrown.
//            String constant = negative ? ("-" + nm.substring(index))
//                    : nm.substring(index);
//            result = Integer.valueOf(constant, radix);
//        }
//        return result;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Compares two {@code Integer} objects numerically.
//     *
//     * @param anotherInteger the {@code Integer} to be compared.
//     * @return the value {@code 0} if this {@code Integer} is
//     * equal to the argument {@code Integer}; a value less than
//     * {@code 0} if this {@code Integer} is numerically less
//     * than the argument {@code Integer}; and a value greater
//     * than {@code 0} if this {@code Integer} is numerically
//     * greater than the argument {@code Integer} (signed
//     * comparison).
//     * @since 1.2
//     */
//    public int compareTo(Integer anotherInteger) {
//        return compare(this.value, anotherInteger.value);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Compares two {@code int} values numerically.
//     * The value returned is identical to what would be returned by:
//     * <pre>
//     *    Integer.valueOf(x).compareTo(Integer.valueOf(y))
//     * </pre>
//     *
//     * @param x the first {@code int} to compare
//     * @param y the second {@code int} to compare
//     * @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y};
//     * a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and
//     * a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}
//     * @since 1.7
//     */
//    public static int compare(int x, int y) {
//        return (x < y) ? -1 : ((x == y) ? 0 : 1);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Compares two {@code int} values numerically treating the values
//     * as unsigned.
//     *
//     * @param x the first {@code int} to compare
//     * @param y the second {@code int} to compare
//     * @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y}; a value less
//     * than {@code 0} if {@code x < y} as unsigned values; and
//     * a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y} as
//     * unsigned values
//     * @since 1.8
//     */
//    public static int compareUnsigned(int x, int y) {
//        return compare(x + MIN_VALUE, y + MIN_VALUE);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Converts the argument to a {@code long} by an unsigned
//     * conversion.  In an unsigned conversion to a {@code long}, the
//     * high-order 32 bits of the {@code long} are zero and the
//     * low-order 32 bits are equal to the bits of the integer
//     * argument.
//     * <p>
//     * Consequently, zero and positive {@code int} values are mapped
//     * to a numerically equal {@code long} value and negative {@code
//     * int} values are mapped to a {@code long} value equal to the
//     * input plus 2<sup>32</sup>.
//     *
//     * @param x the value to convert to an unsigned {@code long}
//     * @return the argument converted to {@code long} by an unsigned
//     * conversion
//     * @since 1.8
//     */
//    public static long toUnsignedLong(int x) {
//        return ((long) x) & 0xffffffffL;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the unsigned quotient of dividing the first argument by
//     * the second where each argument and the result is interpreted as
//     * an unsigned value.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>Note that in two's complement arithmetic, the three other
//     * basic arithmetic operations of add, subtract, and multiply are
//     * bit-wise identical if the two operands are regarded as both
//     * being signed or both being unsigned.  Therefore separate {@code
//     * addUnsigned}, etc. methods are not provided.
//     *
//     * @param dividend the value to be divided
//     * @param divisor  the value doing the dividing
//     * @return the unsigned quotient of the first argument divided by
//     * the second argument
//     * @see #remainderUnsigned
//     * @since 1.8
//     */
//    public static int divideUnsigned(int dividend, int divisor) {
//        // In lieu of tricky code, for now just use long arithmetic.
//        return (int) (toUnsignedLong(dividend) / toUnsignedLong(divisor));
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the unsigned remainder from dividing the first argument
//     * by the second where each argument and the result is interpreted
//     * as an unsigned value.
//     *
//     * @param dividend the value to be divided
//     * @param divisor  the value doing the dividing
//     * @return the unsigned remainder of the first argument divided by
//     * the second argument
//     * @see #divideUnsigned
//     * @since 1.8
//     */
//    public static int remainderUnsigned(int dividend, int divisor) {
//        // In lieu of tricky code, for now just use long arithmetic.
//        return (int) (toUnsignedLong(dividend) % toUnsignedLong(divisor));
//    }
//
//
//    // Bit twiddling
//
//    /**
//     * The number of bits used to represent an {@code int} value in two's
//     * complement binary form.
//     *
//     * @since 1.5
//     */
//    @Native
//    public static final int SIZE = 32;
//
//    /**
//     * The number of bytes used to represent a {@code int} value in two's
//     * complement binary form.
//     *
//     * @since 1.8
//     */
//    public static final int BYTES = SIZE / Byte.SIZE;
//
//    /**
//     * Returns an {@code int} value with at most a single one-bit, in the
//     * position of the highest-order ("leftmost") one-bit in the specified
//     * {@code int} value.  Returns zero if the specified value has no
//     * one-bits in its two's complement binary representation, that is, if it
//     * is equal to zero.
//     *
//     * @param i the value whose highest one bit is to be computed
//     * @return an {@code int} value with a single one-bit, in the position
//     * of the highest-order one-bit in the specified value, or zero if
//     * the specified value is itself equal to zero.
//     * @since 1.5
//     */
//    public static int highestOneBit(int i) {
//        // HD, Figure 3-1
//        i |= (i >> 1);
//        i |= (i >> 2);
//        i |= (i >> 4);
//        i |= (i >> 8);
//        i |= (i >> 16);
//        return i - (i >>> 1);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns an {@code int} value with at most a single one-bit, in the
//     * position of the lowest-order ("rightmost") one-bit in the specified
//     * {@code int} value.  Returns zero if the specified value has no
//     * one-bits in its two's complement binary representation, that is, if it
//     * is equal to zero.
//     *
//     * @param i the value whose lowest one bit is to be computed
//     * @return an {@code int} value with a single one-bit, in the position
//     * of the lowest-order one-bit in the specified value, or zero if
//     * the specified value is itself equal to zero.
//     * @since 1.5
//     */
//    public static int lowestOneBit(int i) {
//        // HD, Section 2-1
//        return i & -i;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the number of zero bits preceding the highest-order
//     * ("leftmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation
//     * of the specified {@code int} value.  Returns 32 if the
//     * specified value has no one-bits in its two's complement representation,
//     * in other words if it is equal to zero.
//     * <p>
//     * <p>Note that this method is closely related to the logarithm base 2.
//     * For all positive {@code int} values x:
//     * <ul>
//     * <li>floor(log<sub>2</sub>(x)) = {@code 31 - numberOfLeadingZeros(x)}
//     * <li>ceil(log<sub>2</sub>(x)) = {@code 32 - numberOfLeadingZeros(x - 1)}
//     * </ul>
//     *
//     * @param i the value whose number of leading zeros is to be computed
//     * @return the number of zero bits preceding the highest-order
//     * ("leftmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation
//     * of the specified {@code int} value, or 32 if the value
//     * is equal to zero.
//     * @since 1.5
//     */
//    public static int numberOfLeadingZeros(int i) {
//        // HD, Figure 5-6
//        if (i == 0)
//            return 32;
//        int n = 1;
//        if (i >>> 16 == 0) {
//            n += 16;
//            i <<= 16;
//        }
//        if (i >>> 24 == 0) {
//            n += 8;
//            i <<= 8;
//        }
//        if (i >>> 28 == 0) {
//            n += 4;
//            i <<= 4;
//        }
//        if (i >>> 30 == 0) {
//            n += 2;
//            i <<= 2;
//        }
//        n -= i >>> 31;
//        return n;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the number of zero bits following the lowest-order ("rightmost")
//     * one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the specified
//     * {@code int} value.  Returns 32 if the specified value has no
//     * one-bits in its two's complement representation, in other words if it is
//     * equal to zero.
//     *
//     * @param i the value whose number of trailing zeros is to be computed
//     * @return the number of zero bits following the lowest-order ("rightmost")
//     * one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the
//     * specified {@code int} value, or 32 if the value is equal
//     * to zero.
//     * @since 1.5
//     */
//    public static int numberOfTrailingZeros(int i) {
//        // HD, Figure 5-14
//        int y;
//        if (i == 0) return 32;
//        int n = 31;
//        y = i << 16;
//        if (y != 0) {
//            n = n - 16;
//            i = y;
//        }
//        y = i << 8;
//        if (y != 0) {
//            n = n - 8;
//            i = y;
//        }
//        y = i << 4;
//        if (y != 0) {
//            n = n - 4;
//            i = y;
//        }
//        y = i << 2;
//        if (y != 0) {
//            n = n - 2;
//            i = y;
//        }
//        return n - ((i << 1) >>> 31);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the number of one-bits in the two's complement binary
//     * representation of the specified {@code int} value.  This function is
//     * sometimes referred to as the <i>population count</i>.
//     *
//     * @param i the value whose bits are to be counted
//     * @return the number of one-bits in the two's complement binary
//     * representation of the specified {@code int} value.
//     * @since 1.5
//     */
//    public static int bitCount(int i) {
//        // HD, Figure 5-2
//        i = i - ((i >>> 1) & 0x55555555);
//        i = (i & 0x33333333) + ((i >>> 2) & 0x33333333);
//        i = (i + (i >>> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f;
//        i = i + (i >>> 8);
//        i = i + (i >>> 16);
//        return i & 0x3f;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary
//     * representation of the specified {@code int} value left by the
//     * specified number of bits.  (Bits shifted out of the left hand, or
//     * high-order, side reenter on the right, or low-order.)
//     * <p>
//     * <p>Note that left rotation with a negative distance is equivalent to
//     * right rotation: {@code rotateLeft(val, -distance) == rotateRight(val,
//     * distance)}.  Note also that rotation by any multiple of 32 is a
//     * no-op, so all but the last five bits of the rotation distance can be
//     * ignored, even if the distance is negative: {@code rotateLeft(val,
//     * distance) == rotateLeft(val, distance & 0x1F)}.
//     *
//     * @param i        the value whose bits are to be rotated left
//     * @param distance the number of bit positions to rotate left
//     * @return the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary
//     * representation of the specified {@code int} value left by the
//     * specified number of bits.
//     * @since 1.5
//     */
//    public static int rotateLeft(int i, int distance) {
//        return (i << distance) | (i >>> -distance);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary
//     * representation of the specified {@code int} value right by the
//     * specified number of bits.  (Bits shifted out of the right hand, or
//     * low-order, side reenter on the left, or high-order.)
//     * <p>
//     * <p>Note that right rotation with a negative distance is equivalent to
//     * left rotation: {@code rotateRight(val, -distance) == rotateLeft(val,
//     * distance)}.  Note also that rotation by any multiple of 32 is a
//     * no-op, so all but the last five bits of the rotation distance can be
//     * ignored, even if the distance is negative: {@code rotateRight(val,
//     * distance) == rotateRight(val, distance & 0x1F)}.
//     *
//     * @param i        the value whose bits are to be rotated right
//     * @param distance the number of bit positions to rotate right
//     * @return the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary
//     * representation of the specified {@code int} value right by the
//     * specified number of bits.
//     * @since 1.5
//     */
//    public static int rotateRight(int i, int distance) {
//        return (i >>> distance) | (i << -distance);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bits in the
//     * two's complement binary representation of the specified {@code int}
//     * value.
//     *
//     * @param i the value to be reversed
//     * @return the value obtained by reversing order of the bits in the
//     * specified {@code int} value.
//     * @since 1.5
//     */
//    public static int reverse(int i) {
//        // HD, Figure 7-1
//        i = (i & 0x55555555) << 1 | (i >>> 1) & 0x55555555;
//        i = (i & 0x33333333) << 2 | (i >>> 2) & 0x33333333;
//        i = (i & 0x0f0f0f0f) << 4 | (i >>> 4) & 0x0f0f0f0f;
//        i = (i << 24) | ((i & 0xff00) << 8) |
//                ((i >>> 8) & 0xff00) | (i >>> 24);
//        return i;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the signum function of the specified {@code int} value.  (The
//     * return value is -1 if the specified value is negative; 0 if the
//     * specified value is zero; and 1 if the specified value is positive.)
//     *
//     * @param i the value whose signum is to be computed
//     * @return the signum function of the specified {@code int} value.
//     * @since 1.5
//     */
//    public static int signum(int i) {
//        // HD, Section 2-7
//        return (i >> 31) | (-i >>> 31);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bytes in the
//     * two's complement representation of the specified {@code int} value.
//     *
//     * @param i the value whose bytes are to be reversed
//     * @return the value obtained by reversing the bytes in the specified
//     * {@code int} value.
//     * @since 1.5
//     */
//    public static int reverseBytes(int i) {
//        return ((i >>> 24)) |
//                ((i >> 8) & 0xFF00) |
//                ((i << 8) & 0xFF0000) |
//                ((i << 24));
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Adds two integers together as per the + operator.
//     *
//     * @param a the first operand
//     * @param b the second operand
//     * @return the sum of {@code a} and {@code b}
//     * @see java.util.function.BinaryOperator
//     * @since 1.8
//     */
//    public static int sum(int a, int b) {
//        return a + b;
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the greater of two {@code int} values
//     * as if by calling {@link Math#max(int, int) Math.max}.
//     *
//     * @param a the first operand
//     * @param b the second operand
//     * @return the greater of {@code a} and {@code b}
//     * @see java.util.function.BinaryOperator
//     * @since 1.8
//     */
//    public static int max(int a, int b) {
//        return Math.max(a, b);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * Returns the smaller of two {@code int} values
//     * as if by calling {@link Math#min(int, int) Math.min}.
//     *
//     * @param a the first operand
//     * @param b the second operand
//     * @return the smaller of {@code a} and {@code b}
//     * @see java.util.function.BinaryOperator
//     * @since 1.8
//     */
//    public static int min(int a, int b) {
//        return Math.min(a, b);
//    }
//
//    /**
//     * use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability
//     */
//    @Native
//    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1360826667806852920L;
//}
